1911년 영국 브리태니커 백과사전 제 12판에 실린 "Korea" 항목 전문

1911년 영국 브리태니커 백과사전 제 12판에 실린 "Korea" 항목 전문          

영원이 정직하게   

2019.06.29. 17:20

      

KOREA, or Corea (Ch'Ao Hsien, Dai Han).     Geography Its mainland portion consists of a peninsula stretching southwards from Manchuria, with an estimated length of about 600 m., an extreme breadth of 135 m., and a coast-line of 17 4 0 m. It extends from 34° 18' to 43° N., and from 124° 36' to 130 47' E. Its northern boundary is marked by the Tumen and Yalu rivers; the eastern boundary by the Sea of Japan; the southern boundary by Korea Strait; and the western boundary by the Yalu and the Yellow Sea.  For 11 m. along the Tumen river the north frontier is conterminous with Russia (Siberia); otherwise Korea has China (Manchuria) on its land frontier. Nearly the whole surface of the country is mountainous. (For map, see Japan.) The south and west coasts are fringed by about 200 islands (exclusive of islets),  two-thirds of which are inhabited; 100 of them are from 100 to 2000 ft. in height, and many consist of bold bare masses of volcanic rock. The most important are Quelpart and the Nan Hau group. The latter, 36 m. from the eastern end of Quelpart, possesses the deep, well-sheltered and roomy harbour of Port Hamilton, which lies between the north points of the large  and well-cultivated islands of Sun-ho-dan and Sodan, which have a population of 2000. Aitan, between their south-east points, completes this noble harbour.  The east coast of Korea is steep and rock-bound, with deep water and a tidal rise and fall of 1 to 2 ft. The west coast is often low and shelving, and abounds in mud-banks,  and the tidal rise and fall is from 20 to 36 ft. Korean harbours, except two or three which are closed by drift ice for some weeks in winter, are ice-free. Among them are Port Shestakov, Port Lazarev, and Won-san (Gensan), in Broughton Bay (Named after William Robert Broughton (1762-1821),  an English navigator who explored these seas in 1795-1798); Fusan, Ma-san-po, at the mouth of the Nak-tong,  on the south coast; Mok-po, Chin-nampo, near the mouth of the Tai-dong; and Chemulpo, near the mouth of the Han,  the port of the capital and the sea terminus of the first Korean railway on the west coast. Korea is distinctly mountainous, and has no plains deserving the name. In the north there are mountain groups with definite centres,  the most notable being Paik-tu San or Pei-shan (8700 ft.) which contains the sources of the Yalu and Tumen. From these groups a lofty range runs southwards,  dividing the empire into two unequal parts. on its east, between it and the coast, which it follows at a moderate distance, is a fertile strip difficult of access, and on the west it throws off so many lateral ranges and spurs, as to break up the country into a chaos of corrugated and precipitous hills and steep-sided valleys, each with a rapid perennial stream. Farther south this axial range,  which includes the Diamond Mountain group,  falls away towards the sea in treeless spurs and small and often infertile levels. The northern groups and the Diamond Mountain are heavily timbered, but the hills are covered mainly with coarse, sour grass, oak and chestnut scrub. The rivers are shallow and rocky, and are usually only navigable for a few miles from the sea. Among the exceptions are the Yalu (Amnok), Tumen,  Tai-dong, Naktong, Mok-po, and Han. The last, rising in Kang-won-do, 30 m.  from the east coast, cuts Korea nearly in half, reaching the sea on the west coast near Chemulpo; and, in spite of many serious rapids, is a valuable highway for commerce for over 150 miles.     Geology The geology of Korea is very imperfectly known.  Crystalline schists occupy a large part of the country, forming all the higher mountain ranges.  They are always strongly folded and it is in them that the mineral wealth of Korea is situated. Towards the Manchurian frontier they are covered unconformably by some 1600 ft. of sandstones, clay-slates and limestones, which contain Cambrian fossils and are the equivalents of a part of the Sinian system of China. Carboniferous beds, consisting chiefly of slates, sandstones and conglomerates, are found in the south-eastern provinces. They contain a few seams of coal, but the most important coal-bearing deposits of the country belong to the Tertiary period. Recent eruptive and volcanic rocks are met with in the interior of Korea and also in the island of Quelpart. The principal mountain in the latter, Hal-la-san (or Mount Auckland), according to Chinese stories, was in eruption in the year 1007. With this possible exception there are no active volcanoes in Korea, and the region has also been remarkably free from earthquakes throughout historic times. Climate The climate is superb for nine months of the year, and the three months of rain, heat and damp are not injurious to health. Koreans suffer from malaria, but Europeans and their children are fairly free from climatic maladies, and enjoy robust health. The summer mean temperature of Seoul is about 75° F., that of winter about 33°; the average rainfall, 36.3 in. in the year, and of the rainy season 21.86 in. The rains come in July and August on the west and north-east coasts, and from April to July on the south coast, the approximate mean annual rainfall of these localities being 30, 35 and 42 in. respectively. These averages are based on the observations of seven years only. Flora The plants and animals await study and classification. Among the indigenous trees are the Abies excelsa, Abies microsperma, Pinus sinensis, Pinus pinea, three species of oak, five of maple, lime, birch, juniper, mountain ash, walnut, Spanish chestnut, hazel, willow, hornbeam, hawthorn, plum, pear, peach, Rhus vernicifera, (?) Rhus semipinnata, Acanthopanax ricinifolia, Zelkawa, Thuja orientalis, Elaeagnus, Sophora Japonica, &c. Azaleas and rhododendrons are widely distributed, as well as other flowering shrubs and creepers, Ampelopsis Veitchii being universal. Liliaceous plants and cruciferae are numerous. The native fruits, except walnuts and chestnuts, are worthless. The persimmon attains perfection, and experiment has proved the suitability of the climate to many foreign fruits. The indigenous economic plants are few, and are of no commercial value, excepting wild ginseng,bamboo, which is applied to countless uses, and "tak-pul" (Hibiscus Manihot), used in the manufacture of paper. Fauna The tiger takes the first place among wild animals. He is of great size, his skin is magnificent, and he is so widely distributed as to be a peril to man and beast. Tiger-hunting is a profession with special privileges. Leopards are numerous, and have even been shot within the walls of Seoul. There are deer (at least five species), boars, bears, antelopes, beavers, otters, badgers, tiger-cats, marten, an inferior sable, striped squirrels, &c. Among birds there are black eagles, peregrines (largely used in hawking), and, specially protected by law, turkey bustards, three varieties of pheasants, swans, geese, common and spectacled teal, mallards, mandarin ducks white and pink ibis, cranes, storks, egrets, herons, curlews, pigeons, doves, nightjars, common and blue magpies, rooks, crows, orioles, halcyon and blue kingfishers, jays, nut-hatches, redstarts, snipe, grey shrikes, hawks, kites, &c. But, pending further observations, it is not possible to say which of the smaller birds actually breed in Korea and which only make it a halting-place in their annual migrations. Area and Population The estimated area is 82,000 sq. m. - somewhat under that of Great Britain. The first complete census was taken in 1897, and returned the population in round numbers at 17,000,000, females being in the majority. It was subsequently, however, estimated at a maximum of 12,000,000. There is a foreign population of about 65,000, of whom 60,000 are Japanese. It is estimated that little more than half the arable land is under cultivation, and that the soil could support an additional 7,000,000. The native population is absolutely homogeneous. Northern Korea, with its severe climate, is thinly peopled, while the rich and warm provinces of the south and west are populous. A large majority of the people are engaged in agriculture. There is little emigration, except into Russian and Chinese territory, but some Koreans have emigrated to Hawaii and Mexico. The capital is the inland city of Seoul, with a population of nearly 200,000. Among other towns, Songdo (Kaisong), the capital from about 910 to 1392, is a walled city of the first rank, 25 m. N.W. of Seoul, with a population of 60,000.  It possesses the stately remains of the palace of the Korean kings of the Wang dynasty, is a great centre of the grain trade and the sole centre of the ginseng manufacture, makes wooden shoes, coarse pottery and fine matting, and manufactures with sesamum oil the stout oiled paper for which Korea is famous. Phyong-yang, a city on the Tai-dong, had a population of 60,000 before the war of 1894, in which it was nearly destroyed; but it fast regained its population. It lies on rocky heights above a region of stoneless alluvium on the east, and with the largest and richest plain in Korea on the west. It has five coal-mines within ten miles, and the district is rich in iron, silk, cotton, and grain. It has easy communication with the sea (its port being Chin-nampo),  and is important historically and commercially. Auriferous quartz is worked by a foreign company in its neighbourhood. Near the city is the illustrated standard of land measurement cut by Ki-tze in 1124 B.C.  With the exceptions of Kang-hwa, Chong-ju, Tung-nai, Fusan, and Won-san, it is very doubtful if any other Korean towns reach a population of 15,000. The provincial capitals and many other cities are walled. Most of the larger towns are in the warm and fertile southern provinces. one is very much like another, and nearly all their streets are replicas of the better alleys of Seoul. The actual antiquities of Korea are dolmens, sepulchral pottery, and Korean and Japanese fortifications.    Race The origin of the Korean people is unknown. They are of the Mongol family; their language belongs to the so-called Turanian group, is polysyllabic, possesses an alphabet of 11 vowels and 14 consonants, and a script named En-mun. Literature of the higher class and official and upper class correspondence are exclusively in Chinese characters, but since 1895 official documents have contained an admixture of En-mun. The Koreans are distinct from both Chinese and Japanese in physiognomy, though dark straight hair, dark oblique eyes, and a tinge of bronze in the skin are always present. The cheek-bones are high; the nose inclined to flatness; the mouth thin-lipped and refined among patricians, and wide and full-lipped among plebeians; the ears are small, and the brow fairly well developed. The ｅxpression‎‎ indicates quick intelligence rather than force and mental calibre. The male height averages 5 ft. 42 in. The hands and feet are small and well-formed. The physique is good, and porters carry on journeys from 100 to 200 lb.  Men marry at from 18 to 20 years, girls at 16, and have large families, in which a strumous taint is nearly universal. Women are secluded and occupy a very inferior position. The Koreans are rigid monogamists, but concubinage has a recognized status. Industries Minerals Extensive coalfields, producing coal of fair quality, as yet undeveloped, occur in Hwang-hai Do and elsewhere. Iron is abundant, especially in Phyong-an Do, and rich copper ore, silver and galena are found. Crystal is a noted product of Korea, and talc of good quality is also present. In 1885 the rudest process of "placer" washing produced an export of gold dust amounting to 120,000 pounds; quartz-mining methods were subsequently introduced, and the annual declared value of gold produced rose to about 450,000 pounds; but much is believed to have been sent out of the country clandestinely. The reefs were left untouched till 1897, when an American company, which had obtained a concession in Phyong-an Do in 1895, introduced the latest mining appliances, and raised the declared export of 1898 to 240,047 pounds, believed to represent a yield for that year of 600,000 pounds. Russian, German, English, French and Japanese applicants subsequently obtained concessions. The concessionnaires regard Korean labour as docile and intelligent. The privilege of owning mines in Korea was extended to aliens under the Mining Regulations of 1906.   Agriculture Korean soil consists largely of light sandy loam, disintegrated lava, and rich, stoneless alluvium, from 3 to 1 0 ft. deep. The rainfall is abundant during the necessitous months of the year, facilities for the irrigation of the rice crop are ample, and drought and floods are seldom known. Land is held from the proprietors on the terms of receiving seed from them and returning half the produce, the landlord paying the taxes. Any Korean can become a landowner by reclaiming and cultivating unoccupied crown land for three years free of taxation, after which he pays taxes annually. Good land produces two crops a year. The implements used are two makes of iron-shod wooden ploughs; a large shovel, worked by three or five men, one working the handle, the others jerking the blade by ropes attached to it; a short sharp-pointed hoe, a bamboo rake, and a wooden barrow, all of rude construction. Rice is threshed by beating the ears on a log; other grains, with flails on mud threshing-floors. Winnowing is performed by throwing up the grain on windy days. Rice is hulled and grain coarsely ground in stone querns or by water pestles. There are provincial horse-breeding stations, where pony stallions, from 10 to 12 hands high, are bred for carrying burdens. Magnificent red bulls are bred by the farmers for ploughing and other farming operations, and for the transport of goods. Sheep and goats are bred on the imperial farms, but only for sacrifice. Small, hairy, black pigs, and fowls, are universal. The cultivation does not compare in neatness and thoroughness with that of China and Japan. There are no trustworthy estimates of the yield of any given measurement of land. The farmers put the average yield of rice at thirty-fold, and of other grain at twenty-fold. Korea produces all cereals and root crops except the tropical, along with cotton, tobacco, a species of the Rhea plant used for making grass-cloth, and the Brousonettia papyrifera. The articles chiefly cultivated are rice, millet, beans, ginseng (at Songdo), cotton, hemp, oil-seeds, bearded wheat, oats, barley, sorghum, and sweet and Irish potatoes. Korean agriculture suffers from infamous roads, the want of the exchange of seed, and the insecurity of the gains of labour. It occupies about three-fourths of the population. Other Industries The industries of Korea, apart from supplying the actual necessaries of a poor population, are few and rarely collective. They consist chiefly in the manufacture of sea-salt, of varied and admirable paper, thin and poor silk, horse-hair crinoline for hats, fine split bamboo blinds, hats and mats, coarse pottery, hemp cloth for mourners, brass bowls and grass-cloth. Won-san and Fusan are large fishing centres, and salt fish and fish manure are important exports; but the prolific fishing-grounds are worked chiefly by Japanese labour and capital. Paper and ginseng are the only manufactured articles on the list of Korean exports. The arts are nil. Commerce A commercial treaty was concluded with Japan in 1876, and treaties with the European countries and the United States of America were concluded subsequently. An imperial edict of the 20th of May 1904 annulled all Korean treaties with Russia. After the opening of certain Korean ports to foreign trade, the customs were placed under the management of European commissioners nominated by Sir Robert Hart from Peking. The ports and other towns open are Seoul, Chemulpo, Fusan, Won-san, Chin-nampo, Mok-po, Kun-san, Ma-san-po, Song-chin, Wiju, Yong-ampo, and Phyong-yang. The value of foreign trade of the open ports has fluctuated considerably, but has shown a tendency to increase on the whole. For example, in 1884 imports were valued at 170,113 pounds and exports at 95,377 pounds. By 1890 imports had risen to 790,261 pounds, and thereafter fluctuated greatly, standing at only 473,598 pounds in 1893, but at 1,017,238 pounds in 1897, and 1,382,352 in 1901, but under abnormal conditions in 1904 this last amount was nearly doubled. Exports in 1890 were valued at 591,746 pounds; they also fluctuated greatly, falling to 316,072 pounds in 1893, but standing at 863,828 in 1901, and having a further increase in some subsequent years. These figures exclude the value of gold dust. The principal imports are cotton goods, railway materials, mining supplies and metals, tobacco, kerosene, timber, and clothing. Japanese cotton yarns are imported to be woven into a strong cloth on Korean hand-looms. Beans and peas, rice, cowhides, and ginseng are the chief exports, apart from gold. Communications Under Japanese auspices a railway from Chemulpo to Seoul was completed in 1900. This became a branch of the longer line from Fusan to Seoul (286 m.), the concession for which was granted in 1898. This line was pushed forward rapidly on the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, and the whole was opened early in 1905.  A railway from Seoul to Wiju was planned under French engineers, but the work was started by the Korean government. This line also, however, was taken over by the Japanese military authorities, and the first trains ran through early in 1905, in which year Japan obtained control of the whole of the Korean internal communications. The main roads centring in Seoul are seldom fit even for the passage of ox-carts, and the secondary roads are bad bridle-tracks, frequently degenerating into "rock ladders." Some improvements, however, have been effected under Japanese direction. The inland transit of goods is almost entirely on the backs of bulls carrying from 450 to 600 lb, on ponies carrying 200 ib, and on men carrying from l00 to 150 lb, bringing the average cost up to a fraction over 8d. per mile per ton. The corvee exists, with its usual hardships. Bridges are made of posts, carrying a framework either covered with timber or with pine branches and earth. They are removed at the beginning of the rainy season, and are not replaced for three months. The larger rivers are unbridged, but there are numerous government ferries. The infamous roads and the risks during the bridgeless season greatly hamper trade. Japanese steamers ply on the Han between Chemulpo and Seoul. A postal system, established in 1894-1895, has been gradually extended. There are postage stamps of four values. The Japanese, under the agreement of 1905, took over the postal, telegraphic and telephone services. Korea is connected with the Chinese and Japanese telegraph systems by a Japanese line from Chemulpo via Seoul to Fusan, and by a line acquired by the empire between Seoul and Wiju. The state has also lines from Seoul to the open ports, &c. Korea has regular steam communication with ports in Japan, the Gulf of Pechili, Shanghai, &c. Her own mercantile marine is considerable. Government From 1895, when China renounced her claims to suzerainty, to 1910 the king (since 1897 emperor) was in theory an independent sovereign, Japan in 1904 guaranteeing the welfare and dignity of the imperial house. Under a treaty signed at Seoul on the 17th of November 1905, Japan directed the external relations of Korea, and Japanese diplomatic and consular representatives took charge of Korean subjects and interests in foreign countries. Japan undertook the maintenance of existing treaties between Korea and foreign powers; and Korea agreed that her future foreign treaties should be concluded through the medium of Japan. A resident-general represented Japan at Seoul, to direct diplomatic affairs, the first being the Marquis Ito. Under a further convention of July 1907, the resident-general's powers were enormously increased. In administrative reforms the Korean government followed his guidance; laws could not be enacted nor administrative measures undertaken without his consent; the appointment and dismissal of high officials, and the engagement of foreigners in government employ, were subject to his pleasure. Each department of state has a Japanese vice-minister, and a large proportion of Japanese officials were introduced into these departments as well as Japanese chiefs of the bureaus of police and customs. By a treaty dated August 22nd 1910, which came into effect seven days later the emperor of Korea made "complete and permanent cession to the emperor of Japan of all rights of sovereignty over the whole of Korea." The entire direction of the administration was then taken over by the Japanese resident general, who was given the title of governor-general. The jurisdiction of the consular courts was abolished but Japan guaranteed the continuance of the existing Korean tariff for ten years. Local Administration Korea for administrative purposes is divided into provinces and prefectures or magistracies. Japanese reforms in this department have been complete. Each provincial government has a Japanese secretary, police inspector and clerks. The secretary may represent the governor in his absence. Law A criminal code, scarcely equalled for barbarity, though twice mitigated by royal edict since 1785, remained in force in its main provisions till 1895. Subsequently, a mixed commission of revision carried out some good work. Elaborate legal machinery was devised, though its provisions were constantly violated by the imperial will and the gross corruption of officials. Five classes of law courts were established, and provision was made for appeals in both civil and criminal cases. Abuses in legal administration and in tax-collecting were the chief grievances which led to local insurrections. Oppression by the throne and the official and noble classes prevailed extensively; but the weak protected themselves by the use of the Kyei, or principle of association, which developed among Koreans into powerful trading gilds, trades-unions, mutual benefit associations, money-lending guilds, &c. Nearly all traders, porters and artisans were members of guilds,  powerfully bound together and strong by combined action and mutual helpfulness in time of need. Under the Japanese regime the judiciary and the executive were rigidly separated. The law courts, including the court of cassation, three courts of appeal, eight local courts, and 115 district courts, were put under Japanese judges, and the codification of the laws was undertaken. The prison system was also reformed. Finance and Money Until 1904 the finances of Korea were completely disorganized; the currency was chaotic, and the budget was an official formality making little or no attempt at accuracy. By agreement of the 22nd of August 1904, Korea accepted a Japanese financial adviser, and valuable reforms were quickly entered upon under the direction of the first Japanese official, Mr T. Megata. He had to contend against corrupt officialdom, indiscriminate expenditure, and absence of organization in the collection of revenue, apart from the confusion with regard to the currency. This last was nominally on a silver standard. The coins chiefly in use were (i) copper cash, which were strung in hundreds on strings of straw, and, as about 911 weight was equal to one shilling, were excessively cumbrous, but were nevertheless valued at their face value; (ii) nickel coins, which, being profitable to mint, were issued in enormous quantities, quickly depreciated, and were moreover extensively forged. The Dai Ichi Ginko (First Bank of Japan), which has a branch in Seoul and agencies in other towns, was made the government central treasury, and its notes were recognized as legal tender in Korea. The currency of Korea being thus fixed, the first step was to reorganize the nickel coinage. From the 1st of August 1905 the old nickels paid into the treasury were remitted and the issue carefully regulated; so also with the cash, which was retained as a subsidiary coinage, while a supplementary coinage was issued of silver 10-sen pieces and bronze I-sen and half-sen pieces. To aid the free circulation of money and facilitate trade, the government grants subsidies for the establishment of co-operative warehouse companies with bonded warehouses. Regulations have also been promulgated with respect to promissory notes, which have long existed in Korea. They took the form of a piece of paper about an inch broad and five to eight inches long, on which was written the sum, the date of payment and the name of the payer and payee, with their seals; the paper was then torn down its length, and one half given to each party. The debtor was obliged to pay the amount of the debt to any person who presented the missing half of the bill. The readiness with which they were accepted led to over-issue, and, consequently, financial crises. The new regulations require the amount of the notes to be expressed in yen, not to be payable in old nickel coins or cash. The notes can only be issued by members of a note association, a body constituted under government regulations, whose members must uphold the credit and validity of their notes. The notes must also be made payable to a definite person and require endorsement, safeguards which were previously lacking. Administrative reform was also taken in hand; the large number of superfluous and badly paid officials was considerably reduced, and the status and salary of all existing government officials considerably improved. An endeavour was made to publish an annual budget, in which the revenue and expenditure should accurately represent the sums actually received and expended. Regulations were framed for the purpose of establishing adequate supervision over the revenue and expenditure for the abolition of irregular taxation and extortions, as well as the practice of farming out the collection of the revenue to individuals, and, generally, to adapt the whole collection and expenditure of the national revenue to modern ideas of public finance. Down to 1910 the sum expended by Japan on Korean reforms was estimated to approach fifteen millions sterling. Among reforms not specifically referred to may be mentioned the improvement of coastwise navigation, the provision of posts, roads, railways, public buildings, hospitals and sanitary works, and the official advancement of industries. Religion Buddhism, which swayed Korea from the 10th to the 14th century, has been discredited for three centuries, and its priests are ignorant, immoral and despised. Confucianism is the official cult, and all officials offer sacrifices and homage at stated seasons in the Confucian temples. Confucian ethics are the basis of morality and social order. Ancestor-worship is universal. The popular cult is, however, the propitiation of demons, a modification of the Shamanism of northern Asia. The belief in demons, mostly malignant, keeps the Koreans in constant terror, and much of their substance is spent on propitiations. Sorceresses and blind sorcerers are the intermediaries. At the close of the 19th century the fees annually paid to these persons were estimated at £150,000; there were in Seoul 1000 sorceresses, and very large sums are paid to the male sorcerers and geomancers. Putting aside the temporary Christian work of a Jesuit chaplain to the Japanese Christian General Konishe, in 1594 during the Japanese invasion, as well as that on a larger scale by students who received the evangel in the Roman form from Peking in 1792, and had made 4000 converts by the end of 1793, the first serious attempt at the conversion of Korea was made by the French Societe des Missions Etrangeres in 1835. In spite of frequent persecutions, there were 16,500 converts in 1857 and 20,000 in 1866, in which year the French bishops and priests were martyred by order of the emperor's father, and several thousand native Christians were beheaded, banished or imprisoned. This mission in 1900 had about 30 missionaries and 40,000 converts. In 1884 and 1885, toleration being established, Protestant missionaries of the American Presbyterian and Methodist Episcopal Churches entered Korea, and were followed by a large number of agents of other denominations. An English bishop, clergy, doctors and nursing sisters arrived in 1890. Hospitals, orphanages, schools and an admirable college in Seoul have been founded, along with tri-lingual (Chinese, Korean and English) printing-presses; religious, historical and scientific works and much of the Bible have been translated into En-mun, and periodicals of an enlightened nature in the Korean script are also circulated. The progress of Protestant missions was very slow for some years, but from 1895 converts multiplied. Education The "Royal Examinations" in Chinese literature held in Seoul up to 1894, which were the entrance to official position, being abolished, the desire for a purely Chinese education diminished. In Seoul there were established an imperial English school with two foreign teachers, a reorganized Confucian college, a normal college under a very efficient foreign principal, Japanese, Chinese, Russian and French schools, chiefly linguistic, several Korean primary schools, mission boarding-schools, and the Pai Chai College connected with the American Methodist Episcopal Church, under imperial patronage, and subsidized by government, in which a liberal education of a high class was given and En-mun receives much attention. The Koreans are expert linguists, and the government made liberal grants to the linguistic schools. In the primary schools boys learn arithmetic, and geography and Korean history are taught, with the outlines of the governmental systems of other civilized countries. The education department has been entirely reorganized under the Japanese regime, Japanese models being followed. History Early History to 4th Century A.D. By both Korean and Chinese tradition Ki-tze--a councillor of the last sovereign of the 3rd Chinese dynasty, a sage, and the reputed author of parts of the famous Chinese classic, the Shu-King--is represented as entering Korea in 1122 B.C. with several thousand Chinese emigrants, who made him their king. The peninsula was then peopled by savages living in caves and subterranean holes. By both learned and popular belief in Korea Ki-tze is recognized as the founder of Korean social order, and is greatly reverenced. He called the new kingdom Ch'ao- Hsien, pacified and policed its borders, and introduced laws and Chinese etiquette and polity. Korean ancient history is far from satisfying the rigid demands of modern criticism, but it appears that Ki-tze's dynasty ruled the peninsula until the 4th century B.C., from which period until the 10th century A.D. civil wars and foreign aggressions are prominent. Nevertheless, Hiaksai, which with Korai and Shinra then constituted Korea, was a centre of literary culture in the 4th century, through which the Chinese classics and the art of writing reached the other two kingdoms. 4th Century to 14th Century Buddism, a forceful civilizing element, reached Hiaksai in A.D. 384, and from it the sutras and images of northern Buddhism were carried to Japan, as well as Chinese letters and ethics. Internecine wars were terminated about 913 by Wang the Founder, who unified the peninsula under the name Korai, made Song-do its capital, and endowed Buddhism as the state religion. In the 11th century Korea was stripped of her territory west of the Yalu by a warlike horde of Tungus stock, since which time her frontiers have been stationary. 14th Century (Fall of Wang Dynasty) to 19th century The Wang dynasty perished in 1392, an important epoch in the peninsula, when Ni Taijo, or Litan, the founder of the present dynasty, ascended the throne, after his country had suffered severely from Jenghiz and Khublai Khan. He tendered his homage to the first Ming emperor of China, received from him his investiture as sovereign, and accepted from him the Chinese calendar and chronology, in itself a declaration of fealty. He revived the name Ch'ao-Hsien, changed the capital from Song-do to Seoul, organized an administrative system, which with some modifications continued till 1895, and exists partially still, carried out vigorous reforms, disestablished Buddhism, made merit in Chinese literary examinations the basis of appointment to office, made Confucianism the state religion, abolished human sacrifices and the burying of old men alive, and introduced that Confucian system of education, polity, and social order which has dominated Korea for five centuries. Either this king or an immediate successor introduced the present national costume, the dress worn by the Chinese before the Manchu conquest. The early heirs of this vigorous and capable monarch used their power, like him, for the good of the people; but later decay set in, and Japanese buccaneers ravaged the coasts, though for two centuries under Chinese protection Korea was free from actual foreign invasion. In 1592 occurred the epoch-making invasion of Korea by a Japanese army of 300,000 men, by order of the great regent Hideyoshi. China came to the rescue with 60,000 men, and six years of a gigantic and bloody war followed, in which Japan used firearms for the first time against a foreign foe. Seoul and several of the oldest cities were captured, and in some instances destroyed, the country was desolated, and the art treasures and the artists were carried to Japan. The Japanese troops were recalled in 1598 at Hideyoshi's death. The port and fishing privileges of Fusan remained in Japanese possession, a heavy tribute was exacted, and until 1790 the Korean king stood in humiliating relations towards Japan. Korea never recovered from the effects of this invasion, which bequeathed to all Koreans an intense hatred of the Japanese. 19th Century to Present In 1866, 1867, and 1871 French and American punitive expeditions attacked parts of Korea in which French missionaries and American adventurers had been put to death, and inflicted much loss of life, but retired without securing any diplomatic successes, and Korea continued to preserve her complete isolation. The first indirect step towards breaking it down had been taken in 1860, when Russia obtained from China the cession of the Usuri province, thus bringing a European power down to the Tumen. A large emigration of famine-stricken Koreans and persecuted Christians into Russian territory followed. The emigrants were very kindly received, and many of them became thrifty and prosperous farmers. In 1876 Japan, with the consent of China, wrung a treaty from Korea by which Fusan was fully opened to Japanese settlement and trade, and Won-san (Gensan) and Inchiun (Chemulpo) were opened to her in 1880. In 1882 China promulgated her "Trade and Frontier Regulations," and America negotiated a commercial treaty, followed by Germany and Great Britain in 1883, Italy and Russia in 1884, France in 1886, and Austria in 1892. A trade convention was also concluded with Russia. Seoul was opened in 1884 to foreign residence, and the provinces to foreign travel, and the diplomatic agents of the contracting powers obtained a recognized status at the capital. These treaties terminated the absolute isolation which Korea had effectually preserved. During the negotiations, although under Chinese suzerainty, she was treated with as an independent state. Between 1897 and 1899, under diplomatic pressure, a number of ports were opened to foreign trade and residence. From 1882 to 1894 the chief event in the newly opened kingdom was a plot by the Tai-wonKun, the father of the emperor, to seize on power, which led to an attack on the Japanese legation, the members of which were compelled to fight their way, and that not bloodlessly, to the sea. Japan secured ample compensation; and the Chinese resident, aided by Chinese troops, deported the Tai-won-Kun to Tientsin. In 1884 at an official banquet the leaders of the progressive party assassinated six leading Korean statesmen, and the intrigues in Korea of the banished or escaped conspirators created difficulties which were very slow to subside. In spite of a constant struggle for ascendancy between the queen and the returned Tai-won-Kun, the next decade was one of quiet. China, always esteemed in Korea, consolidated her influence under the new conditions through a powerful resident; prosperity advanced, and certain reforms were projected by foreign "advisers." In May 1894 a more important insurrectionary rising than usual led the king to ask armed aid from China. She landed 2000 troops on the 10th of June, having previously, in accordance with treaty provisions, notified Japan of her intention. Soon after this Japan had 12,000 troops in Korea, and occupied the capital and the treaty ports. Then Japan made three sensible proposals for Korean reform, to be undertaken jointly by herself and China. China replied that Korea must be left to reform herself, and that the withdrawal of the Japanese troops must precede negotiations. Japan rejected this suggestion, and on the 23rd of July attacked and occupied the royal palace. After some further negotiations and fights by land and sea between Japan and China war was declared formally by Japan, and Korea was for some time the battle-ground of the belligerents. The Japanese victories resulted for Korea in the solemn renunciation of Chinese suzerainty by the Korean king, the substitution of Japanese for Chinese influence, the introduction of many important reforms under Japanese advisers, and of checks on the absolutism of the throne. Everything promised well. The finances flourished under the capable control of Mr (afterwards Sir) M`Leavy Brown, C.M.G. Large and judicious retrenchments were carried out in most of the government departments. A measure of judicial and prison reform was granted. Taxation was placed on an equable basis. The pressure of the trade gilds was relaxed. Postal and educational systems were introduced. An approach to a constitution was made. The distinction between patrician and plebeian, domestic slavery, and beating and slicing to death were abolished. The age for marriage of both sexes was raised. Chinese literary examinations ceased to be a passport to office. Classes previously degraded were enfranchised, and the alliance between two essentially corrupt systems of government was severed. For about eighteen months all the departments were practically under Japanese control. on the 8th of October 1895 the Tai-won-Kun, with Korean troops, aided by Japanese troops under the orders of Viscount Miura, the Japanese minister, captured the palace, assassinated the queen, and made a prisoner of the king, who, however, four months later, escaped to the Russian legation, where he remained till the spring of 1897. Japanese influence waned. The engagements of the advisers were not renewed. A strong retrograde movement set in. Reforms were dropped. The king, with the checks upon his absolutism removed, reverted to the worst traditions of his dynasty, and the control and arrangements of finance were upset by Russia. At the close of 1897 the king assumed the title of emperor, and changed the official designation of the empire to Dai Han Great Han. By 1898 the imperial will, working under partially new conditions, produced continual chaos, and by 1900 succeeded in practically overriding all constitutional restraints. Meanwhile Russian intrigue was constantly active. At last Japan resorted to arms, and her success against Russia in the war of 1904-5 enabled her to resume her influence over Korea. on the 23rd of February 1904 an agreement was determined whereby Japan resumed her position as administrative adviser to Korea, guaranteed the integrity of the country, and bound herself to maintain the imperial house in its position. Her interests were recognized by Russia in the treaty of peace (September 5, 1905), and by Great Britain in the Anglo Japanese agreement of the 12th of August 1905. The Koreans did not accept the restoration of Japanese influence without demur. In August 1905 disturbances arose owing to an attempt by some merchants to obtain special assistance from the treasury on the pretext of embarrassment caused by Japanese financial reforms; these disturbances spread to some of the provinces, and the Japanese were compelled to make a show of force. Prolonged negotiations were necessary to the completion of the treaty of the 17th of November 1905, whereby Japan obtained the control of Korea's foreign affairs and relations, and the confirmation of previous agreements, the far-reaching results of which have been indicated. Nor was opposition to Japanese reforms confined to popular demonstration. In 1907 a Korean delegacy, headed by Prince Yong, a member of the imperial family, was sent out to lay before the Hague conference of that year, and before all the principal governments, a protest against the treatment of Korea by Japan. While this was of course fruitless from the Korean point of view, it indicated that the Japanese must take strong measures to suppress the intrigues of the Korean court. At the instigation of the Korean ministry the emperor abdicated on the 19th of July 1907, handing over the crown to his son. Somewhat serious emeutes followed in Seoul and elsewhere, and the Japanese proposals for a new convention, increasing the powers of the resident general, had to be presented to the cabinet under a strong guard. The convention was signed on the 25th of July. one of the reforms immediately undertaken was the disbanding of the Korean standing army, which led to an insurrection and an intermittent guerrilla warfare which, owing to the nature of the country, was not easy to subdue. Under the direction of Prince Ito (q.v.) the work of reform was vigorously prosecuted. In July 1909, General Teranchi, Japanese minister of war, became resident-general, with the mission to bring about annexation. This was effected peacefully in August 1910, the emperor of Korea by formal treaty surrendering his country and crown. (See JAPAN.) References Authorities. - The first Asiatic notice of Korea is by Khordadbeh, an Arab geographer of the 9th century A. D., in his Book of Roads and Provinces, quoted by Baron Richthofen in his great work on China, p. 575. The earliest European source of information is a narrative by H. Hamel, a Dutchman, who was shipwrecked on the coast of Quelpart in 1654, and held in captivity in Korea for thirteen years. The amount of papers on Korea scattered through English, German, French and Russian magazines, and the proceedings of geographical societies, is very great, and for the last three centuries Japanese writers have contributed largely to the sum of general knowledge of the peninsula. The list which follows includes some of the more recent works which illustrate the history, manners and customs, and awakening of Korea: British Foreign Office Reports on Korean Trade, Annual Series (London); Bibliographie koreanne (3 vols., Paris, 1897); Mrs. I. L. Bishop, Korea and her Neighbours (2 vols., London, 1897); M. von Brandt, Ostasiatische Fragen (Leipzig, 1897); A. E. J. Cavendish and H. E. Goold Adams, Korea, and the Sacred White Mountain (London, 1894); Stewart Culin, Korean Games (Philadelphia, 1895); Curzon, Problems of the Far East (London, 1896); Dallet, Histoire de l'eglise de Koree (2 vols., Paris, 1874); J. S. Gale, Korean Sketches (Edinburgh, 1898);  W. E. Griffis, The Hermit Nation (8th and revised edition, New York, 1907); H. Hamel, Relation du naufrage d'un vaisseau Halindois, &c., traduite du Flamond par M. Minutoli (Paris, 1670); Okoji Hidemoto, Der Feldzug der Japanir gegen Korea im Jahre 1597: translated from Japanese by Professor von Pfizmaier (2 vols., Vienna, 1875); M. Jametel, "La Koree: ses ressources, son avenir commercial," L'Economiste francaise (Paris, July 1881); Percival Lowell, Choson: The Land of the Morning Calm (London, Boston, 1886); L. J. Miln, Quaint Korea (Harper, New York, 1895); V. de Laguerie, La Koree independante, russe ou japonaise? (Paris, 1898); J. Ross, Korea: Its History, Manners and Customs (Paisley, 1880); W. H. Wilkinson, The Korean Government: Constitutional Changes in Korea during the period 23rd July 1894 30th June 1896 (Shanghai, 1896); A. Hamilton, Korea (London, 1903); C. J. D. Taylor, Koreans at Home (London, 1904); E. Boudaret, En Coree (Paris, 1904); Laurent-Cremazy, Le Code penal de la Coree (Paris, 1904); G. T. Ladd, In Korea with Marquis Ito (London, 1908); Dictionaries and vocabularies by W. F. Myers (English secretary of Legation at Peking), the French missionaries, and others, were superseded in 1898 by a large and learned volume by the Rev J. S. Gale, a Presbyterian missionary, who devoted some years to the work. on geology, see C. Gottsche, "Geologische Skizze von Korea," Sitz. preuss. Akad. Wiss. (Berlin, Jahrg. 1886, pp. 857-873, Pl. viii.). A summary of this paper, with a reproduction of the map, is given by L. Pervinquiere in 출처: http://cafe.daum.net/distorted/c5L/421?q=gulf%20of%20pechili map, is given by L. Pervinquiere in Rev. sci. Paris, 5th series, vol. i. (1904), pp. 545-55 2. (I. L. B.; O. J. R. H.)   Korea and Manchuria (1904).jpg

다음검색

첨부된 파일 1개▼

• Korea and Manchuria (1904).jpg (3477kB) 다운로드
  

한국, 또는 코레아(Ch'Ao Hsien, Da Han).
지리 그것의 본토 부분은 만주에서 남쪽으로 뻗은 반도로 이루어져 있다.

예상 길이는 약 600m, 폭은 135m이다.

해안선은 17 4 0m이고 34° 18'에서 43° N까지, 124° 36'에서 130 47' E까지 확장된다.

북방 경계선은 두만강으로 표시된다.

그리고 압록강, 바다 일본의 동쪽 경계, 대한 해협은 경계들을 말한다.

그리고 압록강과 황해에 의한 서쪽 경계선이다.
두만강을 따라 11m 동안 북쪽 국경선은 러시아(시베리아)와 종말을 이룬다.
그렇지 않으면 한국은 중국(만추리아)을 국토 경계선에 두고 있다.

전국의 거의 모든 표면이 산이다. (지도는 일본 참조)

남해안과 서해안은 약 200개의 섬(섬 제외)으로 둘러싸여 있다.
그 중 3분의 2가 거주하고 있다.
그들 중 100개는 높이가 100에서 2000피트 사이이고,

많은 것들은 굵은 맨 덩어리의 화산암으로 이루어져 있다.

가장 중요한 것은 큐엘파트와 난하우 그룹이다.

쿠엘파트의 동쪽 끝에서 36m 떨어진 후자는 깊은 곳을 소유하고 있고
대지의 북쪽 지점 사이에 놓여 있는 포트 해밀턴의 잘 다듬어진 방구.
그리고 순호단, 소단 섬이 잘 가꾸어져 있고, 인구는 2000명이다.

아이탄, 남동쪽 지점 사이에
이 고귀한 항구를 완성하다

한국의 동부 해안선과 rock-bound, 깊은 물과 1에 2피트의 도도한 부침을 터무니 없다

서쪽 해안은 종종 낮고 안전하며, 진흙탕이 많다.
 조수의 상승과 하강은 20에서 36피트까지 입니다.
한국의 항구는 겨울에 몇 주 동안 표류 얼음으로 닫혀있는 2,3개를 제외하고, 얼음이 없다.

그 중에는 포트 세스타코프, 포트 라자레프,
브러튼 만(William Robert Broughton(1762-1821)에 있는 원산(겐산),
1795-1798년 이 바다를 탐험한 영국 항해사.
후산, 마산포, 낙통 어귀에서
남해안에, 목포와 진남포, 태동 어귀 가까이에, 그리고 케물포,
한씨 어귀 근처에
서해안의 첫 한국 철도의 수도의 항구 그리고 해상 종착역
한국은 분명히 산이다.

그리고 그 이름을 받을 만한 평야가 없다.

북쪽에는 중심지가 뚜렷한 산악 집단들이 있다.

백투산(8700ft)이나 페이산(8700ft)이 가장 눈에 띈다.

압록강과 두만강의 근원이 들어 있는 곳이지 이 집단으로부터 높은 범위는 남쪽으로 뻗어 있다.
제국을 두 개의 불평등한 부분으로 나누는 것 그 동쪽에, 그 사이에.
그리고 적당한 거리에서 따라오는 해안은 접근하기 어려운 비옥한 층이다.

그리고 서쪽은 너무 많은 가로 범위와 스퍼들을 날려버린다.
그 나라를 골동품이고 험한 언덕의 혼란에 빠뜨리려고.
가파른 면의 골짜기와, 각각 빠른 다년생 시냇물이 흐른다.

이 축 범위 남쪽으로 더 멀리

다이아몬드 마운틴 그룹을 포함해서
트레일리스 스퍼와 작고 종종 불임 수준으로 바다 쪽으로 떨어진다.

북쪽 그룹과 다이아몬드 마운틴은 심하게 침울해 있고
그러나 언덕은 주로 거칠고 시큼한 풀로 덮여 있다.
떡갈나무와 밤나무 문질러 닦다 강은 얕고 바위가 많다.

그리고 보통 바다에서 몇 마일만 항해할 수 있다. 예외로는 압록(암녹), 투먼,
태동, 낙통, 목포, 한. 마지막, 30m 강원도에서 상승.
동쪽 해안부터 거의 절반으로, Chemulpo 근처의 서쪽 해안에 바다 이르고, 한국을 자른다.

그리고, 많은 심각한 급류에도 불구하고, 150마일 이상의 상거래를 위한 귀중한 고속도로다.
    한국의 지질학은 매우 불완전하게 알려져 있다.
크라이스탈린 분파는 전국의 많은 지역을 차지하고 있으며, 모든 높은 산맥을 형성하고 있다.

 그들은 항상 강하게 접혀 있고 한국의 광물자원이 위치해 있다.

만주 개척지 쪽으로 그들은 캄브리아 화석을 포함하고 있고

중국 시니아 계의 일부분인 약 1600피트의 사암, 점토 슬레이트, 리메스톤으로 비정형적으로 덮여있다.

 주로 슬레이트, 사암, 대기업으로 구성된 탄소 침대가 남동부 지방에서 발견된다.

 몇 개의 석탄을 함유하고 있지만, 그 나라의 가장 중요한 석탄 보유 매장량은 3차 시대에 속한다.

최근의 폭발과 화산암들은 한국의 내륙과 쿠엘파트 섬에서 만난다.

 중국 이야기에 따르면 후자의 주요 산인 할라산(혹은 오클랜드 산)은 1007년에 폭발했다.

이러한 예외를 제외하고는 한국에는 활화산이 없으며,

이 지역 또한 역사적으로 두드러지게 지진으로부터 자유로워졌다.

기후 일년 중 9개월 동안 기후는 아주 좋으며,

3개월간의 비, 더위, 습기는 건강에 해롭지 않다.

 한국인들은 말라리아로 고통 받고 있지만,

 유럽인들과 그들의 아이들은 기후 질병으로부터 꽤 자유롭고, 건강한 건강을 누리고 있다.

서울의 여름 평균 기온은 화씨 75도, 겨울 평균 기온은 약 33도. 평균 강우량, 36.3 인치,

 그리고 21.86 인치. 비는 7월과 8월에 서해안과 북동쪽 해안에 오고, 4월부터 7월까지,

 이 지역들의 연간 강우량은 각각 30, 35, 42 인치였다.

이러한 평균은 7년의 관측치에 근거한다.

 플로라 식물과 동물들은 연구와 분류를 기다린다.

토착나무로는 아비스 엑셀사, 아비스 미크로스퍼마, 피누스 파넨시스, 피누스 파인아,

 참나무 3종, 단풍나무 5종, 석회, 자작나무, 주니퍼, 산회, 호두, 스페인 밤, 헤이즐,

버드나무, 호른밤, 매실, 매실, 배, 복숭아, 로스 이버니시페라

, (Rhus semipinhanicifolia, Acalia, Acanaxolia, Aca, Aca) 등이 있다.

이그누스, 소포라 자포니카, &c. 아잘레아, 로도덴드론 등이 널리 분포하고 있으며,

다른 꽃무늬 관목과 크리퍼들, 암펠롭시스 베치이(Ampelopsis Veitchiii)가 보편적이다.

장로 식물과 십자가는 많다. 호두와 밤을 제외한 토종 과일은 가치가 없다.

감은 완벽에 도달하고, 실험은 많은 외국 과일에 기후가 적합하다는 것을 증명했다.

토착경제식물은 거의 없고,

수많은 용도에 응용되는 산삼, 대나무, 종이 제조에 쓰이는 "탁풀"(히비스커스 매니호트)을 제외하고는

상업적인 가치가 없다. 파우나 호랑이는 야생동물 중에서 1위를 차지한다.

몸집도 크고 피부는 웅장하며 사람과 짐승에게 위험할 정도로 널리 분포되어 있다.

호랑이 사냥은 특별한 특권을 가진 직업이다.

표범은 무수히 많고, 심지어 서울의 벽 안에서 총살되었다.

 사슴(최소한 5종류), 멧돼지, 곰, 영양, 비버, 수달, 오소리, 호랑이 고양이

, 마텐, 열등한 식염수, 줄무늬 다람쥐 등이 있다.

 새 중에는 검독수리, 송골매, 칠면조 부뚜막, 삼종 꿩, 백조, 거위, 흔하고

유충이 많은 청둥오리, 청둥오리, 만다리, 두루미, 황새, 백로, 백로, 백로, 고라니, 비둘기, 밤새, 민새 등이 있다.

오리올, 할시온, 블루 킹피셔, 제이, 견과류, 레드스타트, 스니퍼, 회색 오소리, 매, 연, &c.

그러나, 더 많은 관찰이 있을 때까지, 한국에서 실제로 번식하는 작은 새들 중

어느 것이 연간 이동의 멈춤이 되는 곳인지 말할 수 없다.

면적과 인구 추정 면적은 8만2천 평방미터로 영국보다 다소 낮다.

1897년에 처음으로 완전한 인구조사를 실시했고, 17,000명의 인구를 원형 숫자로.

여성이 다수인 경우 그러나 이후 최대 12,000,000으로 추정되었다.

외국인 인구는 약 6만 5천 명인데, 이 중 6만 명이 일본인이다.

경작지의 절반 이상을 경작하고 있으며,

토양이 추가로 7,000,000,000을 지원할 수 있을 것으로 추정된다.

토착민들은 절대적으로 동질적이다.

극심한 기후를 지닌 북조선에는 얇게 포개져 있는 반면

 남서방의 부유하고 따뜻한 지방은 인구가 많다.

대다수의 사람들이 농업에 종사하고 있다.

 러시아나 중국 영토로 이주하는 경우는 거의 없지만, 일부 한국인들은 하와이와 멕시코로 이민을 갔다.

수도는 인구 20만 명에 육박하는 서울의 내륙 도시다.

다른 마을 중에서도 송도(카이송)는 약 910년부터 1392년까지의 수도로,

 1급 도시인 서울 25m의 성벽이 있는 도시로서 인구는 6만 명이다.


이곳은 왕조의 한국 왕들의 왕궁의 유적을 소장하고 있으며,

 곡물 거래의 중심지로서 인삼의 유일한 중심지로, 목화, 거친 도자기, 고운 돗자리를 만들고,

한국이 유명한 견고한 기름종이로 세삼음유를 제조한다.

태동에 있는 도시인 생양은 1894년 전쟁 전에 6만 명의 인구를 가지고 있었는데 거의 파괴되었다.

그러나 그것은 빠르게 인구를 되찾았다.

그것은 동쪽의 돌 없는 합금 지역 위에 있고,

서쪽은 한국에서 가장 크고 부유한 평야와 함께 있다

. 10마일 이내의 탄광은 5개이며, 그 지역은 철, 비단, 면 등이 풍부하다.

그리고 곡식. 바다와 소통이 용이하다(그 항구는 진남포다).

그리고 역사적으로나 상업적으로 중요하다.

 오리어스 쿼츠는 이웃에 있는 외국 회사에 의해 일한다.

도시 근처에는 기원전 1124년 기쯔에 의해 삭감된 토지 측정 기준이 도해되어 있다.

강화, 청주, 퉁나이, 푸산을 제외하고는
그리고 원산은, 다른 한국의 도시들이 15,000명의 인구에 도달하는지 매우 의심스럽다.

지방 수도와 다른 많은 도시들은 벽으로 둘러싸여 있다.

 대부분의 큰 도시들은 따뜻한 곳에 있다.
그리고 비옥한 남부 지방. 하나는 다른것과 매우 비슷하다.

그리고 그들의 거의 모든 거리는 서울의 더 좋은 골목들을 재현한 것이다.
한국의 실제 유물은 고인돌, 석회토기, 그리고 한국과 일본의 요새들이다.

인종 한국인의 기원은 알려져 있지 않다. 그들은 몽골족이다.

그들의 언어는 이른바 투라니아 그룹에 속하며, 다세포어이며,

11개의 모음으로 이루어진 알파벳을 가지고 있다.

그리고 14개의 자음, 그리고 엔문이라는 이름의 대본.

상위계급과 공식계급 및 상위계급 서신의 문학은 전적으로 한자로 되어 있으나

 1895년 이후 공문에는 엔문의 혼합물이 들어 있다.

한국인은 관상학에서 중국인과 일본인과 구별되는데,

비록 어두운 생머리, 검은 사선눈, 그리고 피부 속 청동자국이 항상 존재하지만 말이다.

 광대뼈는 높고, 코는 납작해지는 경향이 있으며,

입은 패트리샤들 사이에서 가늘고 정교하며,

 평민들 사이에서 넓고 꽉 찬 입술이며, 귀는 작고, 이마는 상당히 잘 발달하였다. '‎‎'라는 표현은

 힘이나 정신 교정보다는 빠른 지능을 나타낸다.

남자 높이는 평균 5피트 42인치 이다.

손발이 작고 모양이 좋다.

 체격도 좋고, 짐꾼들은 100파운드에서 200파운드로 여행을 떠난다.

남자들은 18세부터 20세까지는 결혼하고,

 여자 아이들은 16세까지는 결혼하며, 대가족을 가지고 있는데,

 이 곳에서는 심한 악취가 거의 보편적이다.

여성들은 고립되어 매우 열등한 지위를 차지하고 있다.

한국인들은 엄격한 일부일처주의자들이지만 후궁은 공인된 지위를 가지고 있다.

황해도와 다른 곳에서 아직 개발되지 않은 공정한 품질의 석탄을 생산하는 산업 광물 광산이 발생한다.

철은 풍부한데, 특히 필룡안도에서는 풍부한 구리광석, 은, 갈레나 등이 발견된다.

 크리스탈은 한국에서 유명한 제품이고, 좋은 품질의 부적도 있다.

 1885년에 가장 초보적인 "플라서" 세탁과정은 12만 파운드에 달하는 금가루를 수출했다;

 석영 광 채굴법이 그 후 도입되었고, 연간 생산되는 금의 가치는 약 45만 파운드까지 상승했다.

하지만 많은 것들이 비밀리에 해외로 보내진 것으로 여겨진다.

 1895년 필안도에서 양보를 얻어낸 한 미국 회사가 최신 채굴장비를 도입하여

그 해 60만 파운드의 수확량을 나타내는 것으로 여겨지는 1898년 수출 신고액을 240,047 파운드로 올렸을 때까지

암초는 그대로 방치되어 있었다. 러시아어, 독일어, 영어, 프랑스어

그리고 일본 지원자들은 이후 양보를 받았다.

 양보는 한국의 노동력을 유순하고 지적인 것으로 간주한다.

 광업규정에 따라 국내 광산의 소유 특권이 외국인에게 확대되었다.

1906

농업용 한국의 토양은 대체로 3피트에서 1피트의 깊이에 이르는 연한 모래언덕,

 분해된 용암, 풍부하고 돌없는 합금으로 이루어져 있다.

강우량은 일 년 중 불우한 달 동안 많고, 벼농사의 관개시설은 풍족하며,

가뭄과 홍수는 거의 알려지지 않는다.

토지는 소유주로부터 씨앗을 받고 생산물의 절반을 돌려주는 조건으로 보유자로부터 보유하며,

 집주인은 세금을 낸다.

한국인은 누구나 3년간 무주택의 왕관을 탈세하고 경작하면 토지 소유자가 될 수 있으며,

그 후에는 매년 세금을 낸다. 좋은 땅은 일년에 두 개의 작물을 생산한다.

사용된 도구는 쇠로 만든 나무 쟁기 두 개인데, 큰 삽 한 개는 서너 명이 일하고,

다른 한 개는 손잡이를 잡고, 다른 한 개는 밧줄을 매어 칼날을 홱 잡아당기고,

 짧은 뾰족한 괭이, 대나무 갈퀴, 나무 바로는 모두 무례한 건축물이다.

 벼는 통나무에 귀를 대고 때려서 타작한다.

 다른 곡식들은 진흙 타작불에 날개가 달려 있다.

 바람부는 날에는 곡식을 토함으로써 위닝을 행한다.

쌀은 선체에 담그고 곡식은 돌무더기 또는 물 해충에 의해 거칠게 갈아진다.

 지방 말 사육소가 있는데, 10~12명의 손 높이에서 조랑말 종대가 짐을 나르기 위해 사육된다.

 거대한 붉은 황소는 쟁기질이나 그 밖의 농업을 위해 농부들에 의해 길러지고,

 상품의 운송을 위해 길러진다.

 양과 염소는 황실의 농장에서 길러지지만, 오직 희생을 위해서만 길러진다.

작고 털이 많고 검은 돼지, 그리고 포우는 보편적이다.

 그 재배는 깔끔함과 철저함에서는 중국이나 일본과 비교가 되지 않는다.

주어진 토지의 수율에 대한 믿을 만한 추정치는 없다.

농부들은 쌀의 평균 수확량을 30배, 다른 곡물은 20배로 올렸다.

한국은 목화, 담배, 풀보 제조에 사용되는 레아 식물의 일종인 목화, 담배,

브루소네티아 파피리페라와 함께 열대어를 제외한 모든 곡물과 뿌리 작물을 생산한다.

주로 재배되는 물품은 쌀, 밀, 콩, 인삼, 목화, 삼베, 기름종자, 수염을 기른 밀,

귀리, 보리, 수수, 단감자, 아일랜드 감자 등이다.

한국의 농업은 악명 높은 도로, 씨앗 교환의 필요성, 노동의 이익의 불안으로 고통받고 있다.

인구의 약 4분의 3을 차지하고 있다.

 다른 산업들 한국의 산업들은 빈곤한 인구의 실제 필수품들을 공급하는 것 외에 거의 없고 집단적이지 않다.

그것들은 주로 바다소금, 다양하고 경탄할 만한 종이의 제조, 얇고 빈약한 비단,

모자용 말허리 크리놀린, 가는 대나무 블라인드, 모자와 매트, 거친 도자기,

 문상객을 위한 삼베 천, 놋그릇, 풀보 등의 제조로 구성되어 있다.

원산과 푸산은 큰 어장이며 소금과 생선 거름은 중요한 수출품이다.

그러나 다작의 어장은 주로 일본의 노동과 자본에 의해 운영된다.

종이와 인삼은 한국 수출품목록에 오른 유일한 공산품이다. 예술은 영이다.

1876년 일본과 상업 A 조약이 체결되었고,

이후 유럽 국가 및 미국과의 조약이 체결되었다.

1904년 5월 20일 칙령은 러시아와 맺은 모든 조약들을 무효화시켰다.

일부 한국 항구가 외국 무역에 개방된 후, 이 관습들은 북경에서 로버트 하트 경이 지명한

유럽 위원들의 관리 하에 놓여졌다.

 개항하는 항구와 그 밖의 읍은 서울, 케물포, 푸산, 원산, 진남포, 목포, 군산, 마산포, 송친, 위주, 용암포, 생양이다.

 개방된 항구의 대외 무역 가치는 상당히 변동했지만 전반적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

 예를 들어, 1884년에 수입은 170,113파운드, 수출은 95,377파운드였다.

 1890년까지 수입은 790,261파운드까지 증가했고

 그 후 큰 변동으로 1893년에는 473,598파운드에 불과했으나 1897년에는 1,017,238파운드였다.


1901년에는 1,382,352건이었으나 1904년에는 비정상적인 상태에서는 이 마지막 양이 거의 두 배가 되었다.

 1890년의 수출은 591,746파운드로 평가되었다.

그것들은 또한 1893년에는 316,072파운드로 떨어졌지만 1901년에는 863,828파운드로 떨어졌고

그 이후 몇 년 동안 더 증가했다. 이 수치들은 금가루의 가치를 제외한다.

주요 수입품은 면제품, 철도재료, 광물 및 금속, 담배, 등유, 목재, 의류 등이다.

 일본의 목화 야른은 한국의 수공방 위에 튼튼한 천으로 엮기 위해 수입된다

. 콩과 완두콩, 쌀, 소가죽, 인삼은 금과는 별도로 주요 수출품이다.

일본인들의 후원 아래, 케물포에서 서울로 가는 철도가 1900년에 완성되었다.

이것은 1898년에 허가된, 푸산에서 서울까지 긴 노선의 지점이 되었다.

 이 노선은 러일전쟁 발발에 따라 급속히 추진되었고, 1905년 초기에 전면 개방되었다.

서울에서 위주로 가는 철도는 프랑스 기술자 밑에서 계획되었지만, 이 작업은 한국 정부에 의해 시작되었다.

그러나 이 노선은 또한 일본 군 당국에 의해 인수되었고,

1905년 초 첫 열차가 운행되었고, 그 해에 일본이 한국의 내부 통신 전체를 장악하게 되었다.

서울의 주요 도로들은 소달구지를 지나도 거의 들어맞지 않고,

제2의 도로는 브리들 트랙이 좋지 않아, 종종 "바위 사다리"로 변질된다.

그러나 일부 개선은 일본의 지시에 따라 이루어졌다.

화물 내륙 운송은 거의 전적으로 450에서 600파운드까지 운반하는 황소, 200 ib를 운반하는 조랑말,

그리고 l00에서 150파운드까지 운반하는 남자들의 등에 의해 이루어지며,

 평균 비용은 톤당 마일당 8d를 약간 넘는 것이다.

 산비탈은 늘 겪는 고난과 함께 존재한다. 교량은 기둥으로 되어 있으며,

나무나 소나무 가지와 흙으로 덮인 골격을 가지고 있다.

장마철이 시작될 때 제거되며, 3개월 동안 교체되지 않는다.

 더 큰 강은 제한되지 않지만 수많은 정부 여객선이 있다

. 악명 높은 도로와 교량 없는 계절의 위험은 무역을 크게 방해한다.

일본 기선들은 케물포와 서울 사이에 있는 한강을 미끄러지듯 움직인다.

 1894-1895년에 설립된 우편 제도는 점차적으로 연장되었다.

 우표에는 네 가지 값의 우표가 있다.

일본인들은 1905년 협정에 따라
우편, 전신, 전화 서비스를 인수했다.

한국은 서울을 거쳐 후산에 이르는 케물포에서 일본 노선으로,

서울과 위주 사이에 제국이 인수한 노선으로 중국과 일본의 전신과 연결되어 있다.

이 주는 또한 서울에서 항구까지 노선을 가지고 있으며, &c.

한국은 일본, 페칠리 만, 상하이, &c의 항구들과 정기적인 증기통신을 하고 있다.

그녀 자신의 중상모략은 상당하다.

 정부는 1895년부터 중국이 항복의 주장을 포기하자 1910년까지 왕(황제 1897년 이후)은 이론상 독립된 주권국,

 1904년 일본은 황실의 복지와 존엄성을 보장하고 있었다.

 1905년 11월 17일 서울에서 체결된 조약에 따라, 일본은 한국의 대외 관계를 지시했고,

일본 외교 영사 대표들은 한국의 외국 주제와 이익을 담당했다.

 일본은 한국과 외국 강대국간의 기존 조약의 유지를 맡았고,

한국은 그녀의 미래의 외국 조약이 일본을 매개로 체결되어야 한다는 데 동의했다.

 한 주민 장군이 외교 업무를 총괄하기 위해 서울에 있는 일본을 대표했는데, 첫 번째는 이토 후작이었다.

1907년 7월의 추가적인 협약 하에서, 그 주민 장군의 권력은 엄청나게 증가되었다.

행정개혁에서 한국정부는 그의 지시를 따랐다;

그의 동의 없이는 법률도 제정될 수 없고 행정적인 조치도 취할 수 없었다;

고위 공직자의 임명과 해임, 그리고 외국인들의 정부 고용 참여는 그의 즐거움에서 따르게 되었다.

각 국과에는 일본 차관이 있으며, 이들 부서에 일본 관리들의 상당 부분이 소개되었고,

경찰과 세관 부서의 일본 과장들도 소개되었다.

 1910년 8월 22일 조약에 의해
7일 후 발효된 한국의 황제는 "한국 전체에 대한 모든 통치권의 완전하고 영구적인 소유"를 했다.

 이후 행정의 전방향은 총독부라는 직함을 부여받은 일본 주민총괄이 맡았다.

영사 재판소의 관할권은 폐지되었지만 일본은 기존의 한국 관세를 10년 동안 계속 유지할 것을 보장했다.

행정목적의 지방행정한국은 지방과 현 또는 치안관으로 나뉜다.

이 과의 일본 개혁은 완결되었다.

각 지방 정부에는 일본 비서, 경찰 감찰관, 사무관이 있다.

 비서는 주지사가 없을 때 주지사를 대표할 수도 있다.

 법률 1785년 이후 왕실의 칙령으로 두 번이나 완화되었지만, 바버리티와 거의 동등하지 않은 형법.

1895년까지 그 주요 조항에 계속 남아 있었다.

W. E. Griffis, The Hermit Nation (8차 개정판, 뉴욕, 1907); H. Hamel, Relation du Naufraque d'un vaisseau Halindois, &c, traduite du Flamond par M. 미니톨리(파리, 1670년) 오코지 히데모토, 더 펠드주그 데르 재위니르 게겐 코리아

im Jahre 1597: 폰 피즈마이어 교수의 일본어 번역(2권, 비엔나, 1875), M. 자메텔,

 "La Koree: ses resources, 아들 기념 광고", L'Economisteeeeeeee francaise

 (Paris, 1881년 7월, Paris, 1881년 7월, Percelloson: 아침의 나라(런던, 보스턴, 1886); L. J. 밀른,

퀸트 코리아(Harper, New York, 1895); V. de Laguerie, La Koree 무소속,

 Russe ou Japonise? (파리, 1898); J. 로스, 한국: 그 역사, 매너, 관세 (Paisley, 1880년; W. H. Wilkinson,

한국 정부: 1894년 7월 23일 (상하이, 1896년) 한국의 헌법 변화; A 한국 해밀턴 (London, 1903); C. J. D. Taylor, Home (London, 1904); E. Boudaret, En Coree (Paris, 1904);

 La Core (Paris, 1904); G. T. Ladd, In Korea, In Korea (London, 1908); W. Myers (Peking and French Maures);

 프랑스 선교사들의 영어 레너레이션 비서) 그리고 장로교 선교사인 J. S. 게일 목사가

 그 작품에 몇 년을 바친 책을 배웠다. 지질학에서는 C를 참조하라.

고트쉐, "골로기체 스키즈 폰 코리아", 시츠. 설교하다 Akad. Wiss. (Berlin, Jahrg. 1886, 페이지 857-873, Pl. viii).

이 논문의 요약은, 지도의 복제와 함께, L. Pervantiere가 출처:

http://cafe.daum.net/distorted/c5L/421?q=gulf%20of%20pechili에서, l. Pervantiere는 sci 신부의

L. Pervantiere에 의해 주어진다.

 파리, 5시리즈, vol. i. (1904), 페이지 545-55 2. (I. L. B; O. J. R. H)